We have a long-standing interest in the adjuvant effect of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on the development of autoimmune disease (28,29,31), but only recently has LPS been shown to mediate its effects in part by increasing TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-18 levels through TLR4 signaling (18). The gene discussed is IL1B; the disease is autoimmune disease.