Furthermore, we compared the lung lymphocyte CCR5 and CXCR3 profiles among the eight participants with emphysema alone (lung volume reduction surgery for emphysema; non-cancer) and ten participants with emphysema and accompanying cancer (lung resection for treatment of small peripheral cancer), and found that these two groups cannot be distinguished based on these indices (Figure 1D; data not shown). This evidence concerns the gene CXCR3 and cancer.