XDH and atherosclerosis: Acting through obesity and insulin resistance.Accelerated atherosclerosis with increased vascular cell apoptosis and inflammatory necrosis with increased purine metabolism resulting in hyperuricemia and increased oxidative stress through ischemia-reperfusion and xanthine oxidase.Additional reductive stress associated with glucotoxicity and pseudohypoxia.Increased oxidative-redox stressAntioxidant – Prooxidant Paradox:Urate Redox Shuttle