TNF and carcinoma: Although TNF-α has been implicated in the enhanced protein degradation in muscle of rats bearing the Yoshida ascites hepatoma (Costelli et al, 1993), while in mice bearing the MAC16 carcinoma PIF appears to be responsible for the enhanced protein degradation (Lorite et al, 1998), NF-κB has been shown to mediate the protein loss induced by TNF-α (Li and Reid, 2000) and thus inhibitors of NF-κB should also be effective in this model.