EEF1D and alcohol dependence: Since EF-1 delta has been proven to be a cadmium-responsive proto-oncogene (Joseph et al, 2002), the potential etiological factors, such as exposure to certain chemical carcinogens and lifestyle (smoking and alcoholism), may also affect the expression of EF-1 delta in patients with oesophageal carcinoma, as was observed with Fhit expression.