TNF and prostate carcinoma: Significantly elevated levels of TNF-α were found in patients with bulky locally advanced (mean 3.9±3.4 pg ml−1, median 2.2 pg ml−1) and metastatic disease (mean 6.3±3.6 pg ml−1, median 6.0 pg ml−1) as compared with controls (mean 1.1±0.5 pg ml−1, median 0.9 pg ml−1) (P=0.05 and P<0.001, respectively), but not in patients with localised small volume prostate cancer (Table 2).