Such an immunocompetent situation is also needed for the entire expression of TNFα antitumour action, including immunological (production of IL-1 and IFNγ, activation of macrophages, and NK cells; Dinarello et al, 1986; Ostensen et al, 1987; Talmadge et al, 1987) and nonimmunological mechanisms such as damage to the tumour vasculature (Gamble et al, 1985; Sato et al, 1986; Cavender et al, 1987; Ruegg et al, 1998). Here, TNF is linked to neoplasm.