As immune mechanisms have been shown to play a significant role in the pathogenesis and clinical course of melanoma (reviewed in Curiel-Lewandrowski and Demierre, 2000), a number of reports have addressed the treatment of melanoma metastases with intralesionally injected immunemodulatory cytokines, including interferon-alpha (von Wussow et al, 1988), interferon-beta (Fierlbeck et al, 1992; Umeda et al, 1998; Cornejo et al, 2000), and GM-CSF (Vaquerano et al, 1999). This evidence concerns the gene CSF2 and melanoma.