TNF and melanoma: For instance, it has been shown that IFNγ possesses direct cytotoxic effects on ovarian carcinoma cell lines (Kim et al, 2002), augments apoptosis-inducing capacity of TNFα in cervical carcinoma cells (Suk et al, 2001), reduces the proliferation activity of colon carcinoma cells and melanoma cells (Raitano and Korc, 1993; Krasagakis et al, 1995), and is able to upregulate MHC molecules on renal cell carcinomas, thus leading to a better recognition of neoplastic cells by cytotoxic T cells (Totpal and Aggarwal, 1991; Hillman et al, 1997).