VEGFC and metastatic malignant neoplasm in the lymph nodes: The importance of the balance between VEGF-C and VEGF-D is illustrated in lung adenocarcinoma, where a low ratio of VEGF-D:VEGF-C (i.e., low VEGF-D and high VEGF-C) is associated with lymph node metastasis and lymphatic invasion (Niki et al, 2000).