CSF2 and neoplasm: The combination of these three cytokines given simultaneously is based on the idea that expansion and activation of antigen-presenting cells (by GM-CSF), T cells (LD-IL-2 and GM-CSF) and effector cells (by LD-IL-2, GM-CSF, IFN-α), as well as an increase in immunosensitivity of the tumour cells (by IFN-α) is required for an optimal effect.