Consistent with this hypothesis, in ES/PNET tumour cell lines or human EWS/FLI-1-transformed NIH3T3 cells many genes associated with tumorigenesis have also been shown to be upregulated including c-myc, stromelysin-1, Manic Fringe, mE2C and EAT-2 (Bailly et al, 1994; Braun et al, 1995; Thompson et al, 1996; May et al, 1997; Arvand et al, 1998; Dauphinot et al, 2001). The gene discussed is EWSR1; the disease is primitive neuroectodermal tumor.