PPARG and cancer: Other mediators that have been implicated in PPARγ-independent properties of 15-PGJ2 and can potentially have a similar function in cancer cells include AP-1 (Boyault et al, 2001), MAP kinase (Harris et al, 2002; Lennon et al, 2002), and reactive oxygen species (Li et al, 2001; Lennon et al, 2002).