Thus, we performed a cross-sectional study of 474 control subjects enrolled in previous nested case–control study of susceptibility to aflatoxin-related HCC (Wang et al, 1996b; Sun et al, 2001) to evaluate the correlations of multiple HCC enviromental and genetic susceptibility risk factors with the formation of AFB1-albumin adducts in the peripheral blood. This evidence concerns the gene ALB and hepatocellular carcinoma.