Interestingly, it has recently been reported that a caveolin-1 mutation at codon 132 was found in human breast cancer specimens and that the mutated caveolin-1 induced cellular transformation, activated the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-signalling pathway, and promoted invasion ability in NIH3T3 cells (Hayashi et al, 2001). Here, CAV1 is linked to breast cancer.