For instance, in murine models of colon adenocarcinoma, melanoma or acute myeloid leukaemia transfection of cancer cells with genes to overexpress G-CSF or GM-CSF results in reduced tumorigenicity (Colombo et al, 1991; Armstrong et al, 1996; Dunussi-Joannopoulos et al, 1998). This evidence concerns the gene CSF2 and cancer.