Additionally, injection of irradiated tumour cells expressing murine GM-CSF produces potent, specific and long-lasting anti-tumour immunity and even induces regression of pre-established cancer (Dranoff and Mulligan, 1995; Armstrong et al, 1996; Levitsky et al, 1996; Dunussi-Joannopoulos et al, 1998). This evidence concerns the gene CSF2 and neoplasm.