Also the IL-8 positive fraction (IPF), calculated from the total area of tissue that stained positive for IL-8 (including IL-8 positive tissue adjacent to necrosis and IL-8 positive foci of all sizes) and the total tissue area, was higher in the primary tumours that formed metastases (IPF=26±2%) than in those that did not form metastases (IPF=17±2%) by a factor of approximately 1.5 (P=0.0030). Here, CXCL8 is linked to neoplasm.