TGFB1 and familial pancreatic carcinoma: In addition, the two other mammalian isoforms of TGF-β, i.e. TGF-β2 and TGF-β3, are also overexpressed in pancreatic cancer (Friess et al, 1993; Satoh et al, 1998) and human pancreatic cancers also express high levels of TGF-β receptor II (TβR-II).