The present 11-year follow-up study for the first time aimed to compare the male inhabitants living in a Cd-polluted area with an adjacent reference area to elucidate the changes in the level of environmental exposure to Cd after soil replacement of polluted paddy fields and to clarify the prevalence and incidence of renal tubular dysfunction with urinary β2-microglobulin and glucose as indices. Here, HLA-G is linked to renal tubule disorder.